County Community College Should Provide On-Campus Housing Essay

When I moved to California two weeks before school started, I had difficulty looking for places to live around County Community College. This is because community colleges don’t usually have on-campus housing facilities for students. This made life very difficult for me because I was brand new to the area and I knew no one. My dad did help me by calling up one of his friends and asked if I could stay at their house temporarily until I was able to find a place I could live at, that was near school because I didn’t have a car at the time. The day I finally found a place to live, school was almost about to start. When I went to check the house out, I really disliked it there because there was no cooking allowed, the only time I could use the stove was to boil water. There were even curfews enforced because poor wooden floorboards would alert everyone whenever someone would walk around just to grab a cup of water or a snack at night. Another limitation was that the landlad y had ridiculous shower curfews that I had to follow. The house was very unclean and unhygienic due to the lack of maintenance and care provided for the building. There was no other choice but to live there because it was the closest place to school, that was within walking or biking distance, I could find because I didn’t know how to take the bus in this new country. This is what leads me to believe that County Community College should see if it’s feasible to construct an on-campus housing facility for students because it is able to help a large variety of students in various ways. County Community is a college that is known for its successful transfer rates. An article on CNN Money discussed about County Community’s fine transferring rates, â€Å"County Community s... ...enefits that can affect current and future students. However, County Community may choose to overlook some obstacles due to the great convenience and the great benefits that it may provide for both staff and students. County Community should not disregard this great opportunity that may change lives for staff and students, but look further more into this. Works Cited Aquije, Omar. â€Å"Most Community Colleges say Building Dorms is Good Plan.† Glens Falls Post-Star, 13 August. 2011. Web. 7 Nov 2013. Clark, Kim. â€Å"Community College: How to Avoid ‘dropout factories.’† Cable News Network, 07 June. 2012. Web. 7 Nov 2013. Driscoll, Emily. â€Å"Great Housing Debate: Living On or Off Campus.† Fox Business. Fox News Network, 19 July. 2013. Web. 7 Nov 2013. Staff, CB. â€Å"Campus Living: On Campus Vs. Off Campus.† College Bound Network, 08 August. 2011. Web. 7 Nov 2013.

Training Report on Autocad

CONTENTS ?Introduction to AutoCAD ?GUI of AutoCAD ?Commands in AutoCAD ?Layers ?Viewports ?Exercises †¢Sample – 1 †¢Sample – 2 †¢Sample – 3 †¢Sample – 4 †¢Sample – 5 ?3D in AutoCAD ?3D commands ?3D Exercises †¢Sample – 1 †¢Sample – 2 AutoCAD AutoCAD, developed by Autodesk Inc. , is the most popular PC – CAD system available in the market. This design package is a general purpose computer aided design and drafting application for your computer. The speed and ease with which a drawing can be prepared and modified using a computer offer a phenomenal advantage over hand preparation.Here I’m going to mention a few of the applications for which AutoCAD is being used today:- †¢Architectural drawings of all kinds. †¢Interior designs on facility planning. †¢Drawings for Electronics, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical, Automotives and Aerospace engineering applications. †¢Theatre set lighting designs. †¢Line drawing for the Fine Arts, Textiles, Fashion and Dress designing. Some other CAD packages developed by the same company are:- †¢Auto Shade †¢Auto Flix †¢Auto Ketch †¢Animator †¢3D Studio AutoCAD ScreenVarious components of the initial AutoCAD screen are drawing area, command window, menu bar, several toolbars, model and layouts, and the status bar (Fig. 1). A title bar that has AutoCAD symbol and the current drawing name is displayed on top of the screen. Figure 1 AutoCAD Screen ? SCREEN COMPONENTS Drawing Area The drawing area covers the major portion of the screen. Here we can draw the objects and use the commands. To draw the objects, we need to define the coordinate points, which can be selected by using our pointing device Command Window Figure 2 Command WindowThe command window at the bottom of the drawing area has the command prompt where we can enter the commands. It also displays the subsequent prompt sequences and the messages. We can change the size of the window by placing the cursor on the top edge and then dragging it Application Status Bar Figure 3 Application Status Bar The Status Bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen (Fig. 3). It contains some useful information and buttons that will make it easy to change the status of some AutoCAD functions. We can toggle between on and off states of most of these functions by choosing them. Coordinates The coordinates information is displayed on the left corner of the Status Bar. We can select this coordinate button to toggle between on and off states. If the COORDS system variable controls the type of display of coordinates. ?Snap Mode The snap mode allows you to move the cursor in fixed increments. If snap mode is on, the Snap Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar; otherwise it is not displayed. ?Grid Display The grid lines are used as a reference lines to draw objects in AutoCAD. If the Grid Display button is chosen, the grid lines are displ ayed on the screen. Ortho Mode If the Ortho Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can draw lines at right angles only. ?Polar Tracking If we turn the polar tracking on, the movement of cursor is restricted along a path based on set as the polar angle settings. Choosing the Polar Tracking button in the Status Bar turns it on. Remember that turning the polar tracking on, automatically turns off the ortho mode. ? ?Object Snap When the Object Snap button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can use the running object snaps to snap a point. ?Allow/Disallow Dynamic UCSChoosing the button allows or disallows the use of dynamic UCS. Allowing the dynamic UCS ensures that the XY plane of the UCS got dynamically aligned with the selected face of the model. ?Dynamic Input The Dynamic input button is used to turn the Dynamic Input on or off. Turning it on facilitates the heads-up design approach because all commands, prompts and the dimensional inputs will now be displayed in the drawing area a nd we do not need to look at the command prompt all the time. This saves the design time and also increases the efficiency of the user. ?Show/Hide LineweightChoosing this button in the Status Bar allows you to turn on or off the display of lineweights in the drawing. ?Model The Model button is chosen by default because you are working in the model space to create drawings. ?Annotation Scale The annotation scale controls the size and display of the annotative objects in the model space. The Annotation Scale button has a drop-down list that displays all the annotation scales available for the current drawing. ?Annotation Visibility This button is used to control the visibility of the annotative objects that do not support the current annotation scale in drawing area. Automatically Add Scale This button, if chosen, automatically adds all the annotation scales that are set current to all the annotative objects present in the drawing. ?Quick Properties If you select a sketched entity whe n this button is chosen in the Status Bar, the properties of selected entity will be displayed in a panel. ? COMMANDS LINE Line command is used to draw a continuing series of line segments, but each line segment is a separate object. We can invoke the LINE command from the Draw toolbar, as shown in fig. 4 Figure 4 Draw ToolbarWe can also invoke the LINE command by entering LINE or L at the command prompt. Once you have invoked the LINE command, the next prompt, the Specify first point, requires us to specify the starting point. After first point is selected, AutoCAD will prompt you to enter the second point at the Specify next point prompt. At this point we may continue to select points or terminate the LINE command by pressing ENTER, ESC, or the SPACEBAR. The prompt sequence of invoking LINE command is as follows: Command: LINE > Enter Specify first point: Move the cursor (mouse) and left click to specify the first point.Specify next point or [Undo]: Move the cursor and left click to specify the second point. Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify the third point. Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Enter. (Press ENTER to exit LINE command. ) XLINE The XLINE command can be used to draw construction or projection lines. These lines are the lines that aid in construction or projection and are drawn very lightly, when manually drafting. An xline (construction line) is a 3D line that extends to infinity at both ends. As the line is infinite in length, it does not have any end points.The prompt sequence of invoking the XLINE command is as follows: Command: XLINE > Enter Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bsect/Offset]: Specify an option or select a point through which the xline will pass. PLINE The PLINE command is used to draw a polyline. A polyline is a line that has different features. The term POLYLINE can be broken into two parts: POLY and LINE. POLY means â€Å"many†. This signifies that a poly line can have many lines. Some features of polylines are list ed next. Polylines can be thick lines with a desired width. They are very flexible and can be used to draw any shape, such as a filled circle or a doughnut.Polylines can be used to draw objects in any line type. Advanced editing commands can be used to edit them (for example, the PEDIT command). The command prompt for invoking the PLINE command is as follows: Command: PLINE < Enter Specify start point: Specify the starting point or enter its coordinates. Current line width is nn. nnn Current line width is nn. nnn is displayed automatically, which indicates the width of the polyline drawn. If we need a different width, invoke the Width option at the next prompt and set it. Next the following prompt is displayed.Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify next point or enter an option. POLYGON A regular polygon is a closed geometric figure with equal sides. The number of side varies from 3 to 1024. For example, a triangle is a three sided polygon and a pentagon is a five sided polygon. In AutoCAD, the POLYGON command is used to draw regular 2D polygons. A polygon is said to be inscribed when it is drawn inside an imaginary circle and its vertices touch the circle. Likewise, a polygon is circumscribed when it is drawn outside imaginary circle and sides of polygon are tangent to circle.We can easily choose one option from these two available options during the invoking process. The prompt sequence of invoking POLYGON command is given next. Command: POLYGON < Enter Enter number of sides : Enter a value between 3 and 1024. Specify center of polygon: Specify the center point or enter its coordinates. Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle]: Enter I or C. Specify radius of circle: Specify the radius of circle, which will inscribe or circumscribe the polygon. RECTANG The RECTANG command is used to draw rectangles in AutoCAD.We can draw rectangles by specifying two opposite corners of the rectangle, by specifying the area an d the size of one of the sides, or by specifying the dimensions of rectangles. The prompt sequence of invoking RECTANG command is as follows: Command: RECTANG < Enter Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Specify first corner point or enter its coordinates. Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: Specify opposite corner point or enter its coordinates. ARC An arc is defined as a part of a circle. In AutoCAD, it can be drawn using the ARC command.AutoCAD provides eleven different options to draw an arc. To view these options, click on Draw option in the Menu Bar, a flyout option will appear as shown in fig. 5 Figure 5 Options in Menu Bar for Creating an Arc The default setting is for creating a three point arc. The command prompt for invoking ARC command is as follows: Command: ARC < Enter Specify start point of arc or [Center]: Specify first point of arc or enter its coordinates. Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: Specif y the through point for arc or enter its coordinates. Specify the end point of arc: Specify the end point or enter its coordinates.CIRCLE The CIRCLE command is used to draw circles. AutoCAD provides six different options to draw a circle. To view and choose from the available options, click on Draw option in the Menu Bar, a flyout will appear as shown in fig. 6 Figure 6 Options in Menu Bar for creating a Circle The default setting is for creating a circle with Center and Radius option. The other options can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command window or by the method stated earlier. The prompt sequence for invoking CIRCLE command is stated next. Command: CIRCLE < EnterSpecify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify center point or enter its coordinates. Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: Enter the required value of radius. ELLIPSE If a circle is observed from an angle, the shape is called an ellipse, which can be created in AutoC AD using the ELLIPSE command. An ellipse can be created by two different options and these options are grouped together in the Draw option of the Menu Bar as shown in fig. 7 Figure 7 Options in Menu Bar for creating an Ellipse The default setting is for creating an ellipse with Axis and End point option.The Other options can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command window or by method stated above. The prompt sequence for invoking ELLIPSE command is stated next. Command: ELLIPSE < Enter Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: Enter coordinates of axis end point or choose an option. Specify other endpoint of axis: Specify other end point or enter its coordinates. Specify distance to the other axis or [rotation]: Specify the half length of second axis. ERASE After drawing some objects, you may need to erase some of them from the screen. To erase, we can use ERASE command in AutoCAD.This command is used exactly the same way as an eraser is used in manual d rafting to delete unwanted information. We can invoke ERASE command from the Modify toolbar Figure 8 Modify Toolbar When we invoke the ERASE command, a small box, known as pick box, replaces the screen cursor. To erase an object, move the pick box so that it touches the object. Select the object. AutoCAD confirms the selection by changing the selected objects into dashed lines and the select objects prompt returns again. We can continue selecting objects or press ENTER to terminate object selection and erase the selected objects.The prompt sequence is given next. Command: ERASE < Enter Select objects: Select first object. Select objects: Select second object. Select objects: Enter COPY The COPY command is used to copy an existing object. This command makes copies of the selected objects and places them at specified locations, but the orignals are left intact. In this command we need to select the objects and specify the base point. Next we need to specify the second point, this poin t is where we want the copied objects to be placed. The prompt sequence that is followed when you invoke COPY command is given next.Command: COPY < Enter Select objects: Select objects to copy. Select objects: Enter Specify base point or [Displacement/mOde] : Specify base point. Specify second point or : Specify a new position on the screen using pointing device or entering coordinates. Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] : Enter MIRROR The MIRROR command creates a mirror copy of the selected objects. The objects can be mirrored at any angle. This command is helpful in drawing symmetrical figures. This command is available in Modify toolbar but it can be invoked by using command window as well.When we invoke this command, AutoCAD prompts us to select the objects and then the mirror line. After we select the objects to be mirrored, AutoCAD prompts you to enter the first point of mirror line and the second point of mirror line. A mirror line is an imaginary line about which objects ar e reflected. We can specify the end point of mirror line by specifying points on screen or by entering their coordinates. The mirror line can be selected at any angle. The prompt sequence of invoking MIRROR command is given next. Command: MIRROR < Enter Select objects: Select objects to be mirrored. Select objects: EnterSpecify first point of mirror line: Specify the first endpoint. Specify second point of mirror line: Specify the second endpoint. Delete source objects? [Yes/No] : Enter Y for deletion, N for retaining the objects. OFFSET To draw parallel lines, concentric circles, arcs, curves, and so on, we can use the OFFSET command. This command creates another object that is similar to the selected one. Remember that we are allowed to select only one entity at a time to be offset. While offsetting an object, we can specify the offset distance and the side to offset, or we can specify a distance through which you want to offset the selected object.The prompt sequence which follow s when we invoke OFFSET command using command window is given next. Command: OFFSET < Enter Specify offset distance or [Through/Erase/Layer] : Specify the offset distance. { Through Option Using this option we do not need to specify a distance; we simply specify an offset point and the distance between them is stored as offset distance. Erase Option The Erase option is used to specify whether the source object has to be deleted or not. Layer Option Use the Layer option to specify whether the offset entity will be placed in the current layer or the layer of source object. Specify the object to offset or [Exit/Undo] : Specify the object to offset. Specify point on side to offset or : Specify a point on side to offset. Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] : Select another object to offset or press Enter. ARRAY An array is defined as the method of creating multiple copies of the selected object and arranging them in a rectangular or circular fashion. In some drawings, we may need to s pecify an object multiple times in a rectangular or circular arrangement. For example, suppose you have to draw six chairs around a table.This job can be accomplished by drawing each chair seperately or by using the COPY command tomake multiple copies of the chair. But it is a very tedious process and also the alignment of the chairs will have to be adjusted. Using ARRAY command, all we need to do is create just one chair and the remaining five will be created and automatically arranged around the table by the ARRAY command. This method is more efficient and less time-consuming. ARRAY command can be invoked by different methods such as from Modify toolbar, or by making use of the Command Window, or from the Modify option of Menu Bar.RECTANGULAR ARRAY A rectangular array is formed by making copies of the selected object along the X and Y directions of an imaginary rectangle (along rows and columns). It can be created by selecting the Rectangular Array button in the array dialog box ( fig. 9) that appears on invoking ARRAY comand. ROWS This edit box is used to specify the number of rows in rectangular array. COLUMNS This edit box is used to specify the number of columns in the rectangular array. Figure 9 Rectangular Array option in Array dialog box Offset distance and direction AreaThe options under this area are used to define the distance between the rows and the columns and the angle of array. Row Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the rows. We can either enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Row Offset button to define the row offset distance by specifying two points on screen. Column Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the columns. We can either enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Column Offset button to define the column offset distance by specifying two points on screen.Angle of Arrray. This edit box is used to define the angle of array. This is the value b y which the rows and columns will be rotated. POLAR ARRAY A polar array is an arrangement of the objects around a point in a circular fashion. This kind of array is created by selecting the Polar Array button in the Array dialog box (fig. 10) that appears on invoking ARRAY command. Figure 10 Polar Array option in Arrray dialog box CENTER POINT The center point of the array is defined as the point around which the selected items will be arranged.It is defined as the center point of the imaginary circle on whose circumference the items will be placed. The coordinates of the center of array can be specified in the X and Y edit boxes. We can either enter the values in these edit boxes or select the center point of array from the screen using Pick Center Point button. Method and values Area The options under this area are used to set the parameters related to the method that will be employed to create the polar array. Method. This drop-down list provides us three methods for creating the polar array. These three methods are discussed next. Total number of items & Angle to fill.This method is used to create a polar array specifying number of items in array an the total included angle between the first and the last item. The number of items and the angle to be filled can be specified in the Total number of items and Angle to fill edit boxes respectively. We can also specify the angle to fill on screen by choosing Angle to fill button provided. Total number of items & Angle between items. This method is used when we want to create a polar array by specifying the total number of items in the array and the included angle between two adjacent items. The angle between items is also called as incremental angle.The number items and the angle between the items can be specified in the Total number of items and Angle between items edit boxes,respectively. We can also specify theangle between items on the screen by choosing Angle between items button. Angle to fill & Angle betw een items. This method is used when we want to specifyangle between the items and total angle to fill. In this case the number of items is not specified, but is automatically calculated using the total angle and angle between the items. The angle to fill and the angle between the items can be entered in their respective boxes. MOVESometimes the objects are not located where they should actually be. In these situations, we can use the MOVE command. This command allows you to move one or more objects from their current location to a new location. This change of location of the objects does not change their size or orientation. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be moved and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be picked and moved. ? ROTATE Sometimes we requires an object or any sketch in angular position. the. In these situations, we can use the ROTATE command.This command allows you to rotate one or more objects from their current location to a specific angle. This change of of the objects does not change their size. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be rotated and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be rotated. SCALE With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of any object or a sketch. Sometimes we requires an object in numbers, only with the difference of sizes. So in this situation, we can use the SCALE command. This command allows you to scale one or more objects from the selected base point.On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be scaled and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be scaled. STRETCH With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of some selected part of any object in a specific direction. In this command, the sketch is stretched as much we required. Sometimes we requires an object in numb ers, only with the difference of sizes some part of the sketched object. So in this situation, we can use the STRETCH command. This command allows you to stretch the objects from the selected base point.On invoking this command we are prompted to select the portion to be scaled with the help of green window and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be stretched. TRIM With the use of this command, we can remove the line or any sketched entity. In this command, the sketch is trimmed as much we required. It removes the extra drawn line or sketch as per our specific requirement. This command allows you to trim the objects from the selected side. On invoking this command, we have to right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to left click on the portion to be trimmed.EXTEND With the use of this command, we can increase the line the line upto the specific point or location. In this command, the sketch is extended as much we required. It removes the extra drawn line or sketch as per our specific requirement. On invoking this command, we have to right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to left click on the portion to be extend. BREAK AT A POINT With the use of this command, we can break the line at a point where we required. In this command, the sketch is broken from that point where we required. We can create the number of break points as much we required.On invoking this command, we have to select the line and after that click on that point from where we want to break the selected line, after using this command the line or any selected entity will be converted into numbers. BREAK With the use of this command, we can break the line with a specific distance or upto a specific point as much we required. On invoking this command, we have to select the point on the line and after that click on that point upto where we want to break the line. After using this command on the line or any selected entity, there will be space between the slelected points in the line or entity.JOIN With the use of this command, we can join the line drawn or placed in the same plane. On invoking this command, we have to select the first line and after that second line placed at the same plane and then right click. After using this command , there will be no space between the lines or entities. CHAMFER This command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this command, we have to press A then ENTER, after that fill the distance and then ENTER, then fill the value of ANGLE and ENTER, after that select the line on which we want to create the chamfer. FILLETThis command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this command, we have to press R then ENTER, after that fill the value and then ENTER, after that select the lines on which we want to create the radius. REGION This command is used for converting the relation of LINE into POLYLINE. Before using this command the sketch should be closed from all sides. On invoking this command, we have to select all lines and then right click. EXPLODE This command is used for converting the relation of POLYLINE into LINE. On invoking this command, we have to select the POLYLINE and then right click. EXERCISE NO 1:-

Chapter 9 world history AP notes Essay

Overall Summary (ablongman)- â€Å"In addition to the great civilizations of Asia and North Africa forming during the postclassical period, two related major civilizations formed in Europe. The Byzantine Empire, in western Asia and southeastern Europe, expanded into eastern Europe. The other was defined by the influence of Catholicism in western and central Europe. The Byzantine Empire, with territory in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the eastern Mediterranean, maintained very high levels of political, economic, and cultural life between 500 and 1450 C.E. The empire continued many Roman patterns and spread its Orthodox Christian civilization through most of eastern Europe, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. Catholic Christianity, without an imperial center, spread in western Europe. Two separate civilizations emerged from the differing Christian influences† The Byzantine Empire â€Å"The Byzantine Empire unfolded initially as part of the greater Roman Empire. Then, as this framework shattered with Roman decline, it took a life of its own, particularly from the reign of Emperor Justinian onward. It centered on a territory different from and smaller than the eastern Mediterranean as Rome had defined it. This was the result of new pressures, particularly the surge of Islam throughout North Africa and the bulk of the Middle East. Despite many attacks, the empire flourished until the 11th century.† Origins of the Empire: †¢You can think of the beginning of the empire as the 4th century CE oThis was when the Romans set up their western capitol of Constantinople †¢This one city became a strong and thriving center of an empire with a falling imperial structure †¢Emperor Constantine started to build many elaborate buildings, some of which were Christian churches oBuild his city off of the small town of Byzantium oEastern emperors would rule from this new city †¢Even before the fall of western Rome †¢Warded off intruders (including the Huns) †¢Had a solid tax base because of the peasant agriculture of the eastern Mediterranean †¢Emperor Justinian (in the 6th century) changed the official language to Greek (Latin had been the court language of the eastern empire; however, it became inferior & considered barbaric) oThis Greek knowledge gave scholars of the eastern empire to read the ancient Athenian philosophical and literary classics & the Hellenistic writings freely †¢High levels of commerce (Had been in the eastern Mediterranean) helped the new empire †¢Hellenized Egyptians and Syrians started to become involved in their administration oThis was due to the fact that many of them were moving to Constantinople (& entered the expanding bureaucracy) †¢Byzantine empire had many foreign enemies

Macroeconomic Cash Reserve Ratio

mrunal. org http://mrunal. org/2012/08/econ-crr. html [Economy] Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) Controversy between SBI & RBI: meaning, implication on Economy Explained 1. What is CRR? 2. What is Scheduled Commercial Bank? 3. Examples of Scheduled Commercial Banks 1. Case # 1: High CRR and SLR 2. Case # 2: Low CRR and SLR 4. Repo Rate 5. Reverse Repo Rate 6. Bank Rate 7. What is the need of all these CRR,SLR,Repo rates? 8. What is the problem with CRR? 9. How much CRR deposit does RBI have? 10. What does SBI want? 11. Deputy Governor of RBI 12. Timeline of Events 13.Mock Questions Before proceeding further, do read the earlier articles on 1. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) 2. Cost Push Inflation 3. Demand Pull Inflation What is CRR? CRR means Cash Reserve Ratio. Banks in India are required to hold a certain proportion of their total deposits with RBI in cash form. Right now, CRR is about 4. 75% that means if people deposit total Rs. 100 in SBI, then SBI would have to deposit Rs. 4. 75 in RB I. This is CRR or Cash Reserve Ratio. CRR rule doesnot apply to Regional Rural Banks, Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFC), Mutual funds or insurance companies.What is Scheduled Commercial Bank? Scheduled banks are those banks which have been included in the second schedule of the Reserve bank of India act of 1934. The banks included in this schedule list should fulfill two conditions. 1. The paid capital and collected funds of bank should not be less t han Rs. 5 lakhs. 2. Any activity of the bank will not adversely affect the interests of depositors [hahaha, does it mean Non-scheduled banks are allowed to adversely affect the interests of depositors !? ] Examples of Scheduled Commercial BanksPublic Sector Majority of stake is held by the government. 1. State Bank of India (SBI) 2. Punjab National bank (PNB) Private Sector Majority stakes are held by private players. 1. ICICI, 2. HDFC, 3. AXIS Bank Case #1: High CRR and SLR Suppose total deposit deposited in (by you and me) State Bank of India =Rs. 100 Total Deposit CRR: 15%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit in RBI, without getting any interest. SLR: 38%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit, in Government securities / treasury bonds. SBI earns around 7. % interest rate on this investment. click me for more on SLR Money left with SBI Rs. 100 -15 -38 100-1538=Rs. 47 Case #2: Low CRR and SLR Total Deposit CRR: 4. 75%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit in RBI, without getting any interest. Rs. 100 -4. 75 SLR: 23%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit, in Government securities / treasury bonds. SBI earns around 7. 5% interest rate on this investment. Money left with SBI -23 100-4. 7523=Rs. 72. 25 In either case, as long as you’re running a bank, you’ll have some input costs such as 1.Salary to Bank PO , Clerks, peons and security guards (With rusted guns) 2. Office rent 3. ATM machine’s electricity and maintenance. 4. Newspaper advertizement s. To pay above salary and bills, SBI would need to maintain certain amount of profit margin, no matter what RBI does with CRR,SLR or Repo Rate. In Case# 1, when SBI has only Rs. 47 in the hands, what can it do to keep the profit margin same? Obviously SBI will have to increase the interest rates on car,home,bike,business loans given to customers.In case# 2, when SBI has Rs. 72, what can it do? Here the situation is not that bad. So, SBI chief would decrease the interest rates on car,home,bike,business loans to seduce more customers. We already discussed this- SBI has more money so it can cut down interest rates and suffer temporary reduction in profit, in order to seduce more customers (compared to ICICI) So once SBI has reduced the interest rates, other banks will need to reduce their interest rates, to stay in the competition. Repo RateLet’s continue assuming the Case# 2, that SBI has only Rs. 72. 25 left in its locker. SBI chief comes to know that recently Samsung Company has launched Galaxy S3 mobile so plenty of youngsters may want to buy it because of the advertisements that appear on TV channels 24/7 Thus there will be demand for more personal loans (EMI) or credit card based shopping. But SBI got only Rs. 72. 25. So SBI chief would borrow some more money from RBI @8% interest rate and then re-lend this money to customers as personal loan @16% (and thus aking a killing profit of 16-8=8%) or he can supply money to customers for Credit Card shopping, and in that case he can earn interest rate anything between 16-37% or even more (depending on hidden terms and conditions of credit card. ) This 8% : the rat e @which RBI lends short t erm loans t o client s, is called Repo Rat e. Reverse Repo Rate As the name suggests, Reverse repo rate is â€Å"reverse† of Repo rate. So, if SBI chief feels there is not enough demand for loans and most of those 72. 25 Rupees are sitting idle, he’ll deposit some of that cash, in RBI.RBI will pay SBI chie f 7% interest rate on such deposit. Thus, Reverse repo rate is the interest rate which RBI pays its client s* for their shortterm deposits. Note: Reverse Repo Rate is automatically kept 1% less than Repo rate according to new RBI rules. [Since Nov. 2010, Reverse Repo rate is constantly 1% less than Repo]. Side Question Why would SBI chief put his money in RBI? Because on your normal savings account in SBI, the chief pays you around 4% interest rate, while RBI is giving him 7% Reverse repo rate, so he’s making a profit of 3%. Bank RateBank rate is the interest rate which RBI charges from its clients* for their LONG-t erm loans. Recall that Repo Rate = RBI charge that much interest from its clients on SHORT t erm loans. *Who’re the clients of RBI? 1. Union Government 2. State Government 3. NABARD (through that money goes to Microfinance companies and Regional Rural Banks) 4. Commercial Banks (SBI, ICICI etc) 5. Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFC) like Muthoot Finance and Mannapuram Gold Loans. (^list is not exhaustive. ) please not e: 1. Bank Rate, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate applies to all Clients of RBI. . The CRR,SLR applies to Commercial Banks. (including Urban Cooperative banks but excluding Regional Rural Banks) What is the need of all these CRR,SLR,Repo rates? RBI’s main job = control inflation by controlling money supply in the market. Too much money in the market =easy to get loans= not good. Because It’ll create inflation. [Demand Pull] Too less money in the market= again not good, because businessmen find it hard to get loans, thus input cost of production increases= not good for economy either and it’ll create inflation. Cost push] Therefore, RBI will increase/decrease these CRR, SLR and Repo Rates according to the situation in order to adjust the money supply in market and thus control inflation. [Monetary policy] Nowadays RBI doesn’t touch Bank rate much and mostly relies on Repo rate to control the money supply. CRR and SLR are also not changed as frequently as Repo rate. And Reverse repo rate is automatically kept 1% less than Repo rate, so that makes Repo rate the â€Å"most f requent ly used t ool† in RBI’s monetary policy, in last two years.Apart from that, CRR,SLR and Repo Rate also help those competitive magazine wallas to fill up pages with ridiculously unimportant data tables to make your life more miserable. What is the problem with CRR? How much CRR deposit does RBI have? In July 2012 [all approximate numbers] Total Deposits in all Scheduled Commerical banks (SBI,ICICI etc) CRR: 4. 75%Banks have to keep this much amount of total deposits in RBI. Interest earned by SBI/ICICI etc on CRR deposits made in RBI 65 lakh crores 65 lakh crores x 4. 75%=around 3 Lakh crores sitting idle in RBI lockers. lakh crores x 0% = Rs. 0 If SBI/ICICI etc. could lend these 3 lakh crores (CRR deposits) to customers @10%, they could easily earn Rs. 30,000 crores in interest pa yment. Thus, CRR makes a huge difference in the profit of banks. UK, Canada, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand donot have CRR system in any form. In USA, there is graded system i. e. small banks don’t need to maintain any CRR with their central bank. While â€Å"big† banks would need to maintain CRR Deposit according to their size. Side Question: How â€Å"bigâ€Å"? Answer: no need to do Ph. D on that question trail.By the way, USA’s RBI (Central Bank) is known as Federal Reserve syst em and commonly known as â€Å"Feds†. So sometimes while randomly surfing through BBC/CNN you might come across lines like â€Å"Market boomed /crashed after Feds cut down the rates† they’re talking about USA’s RBI changing their repo, SLR etc. rates Interestingly, USA’s RBI (Feds) pays interest on the CRR deposits, while India’s RBI doesn’t pay any interest on CRR deposits. What does SBI want? Recently SBI Chairman Pratip Chaudha ri said that CRR does not help anyone and it is unfair to apply it only on banks.Even if CRR is required why should it be on banks alone? There are a number of institutions that raise funds from the public – insurance companies, mutual funds and NBFCs so CRR should be applicable to all. Because of CRR, every year we lose Rs. 3,500 crore. Pratip Chaudhari = Chairman of SBI In India, Businessmen get loan @11 per cent while that for a Chinese equipment manufacturer gets loan in his country for only 4 per cent. So CRR= less money in market= higher interest rate= increases the input cost of Indian products. Deputy Governor of RBIOn SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari’s demand for removal of CRR, the Deput y Governor of RBI K C Chakrabart y, replied that if the SBI Chairman is not able to do business as per our regulatory environment, he has to find some other place. On this [rude] comment of Chakrabarthy, SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari replied, (doesn’t matter what anyone says) I wanted to start a debate on CRR in the public domain, so let that debate happen. Timeline of Events Early 90s 1992 1996 1999 2007 CRR used to be as high as 15% and SLR used to be as high as 38. %, thus making life of businessmen and aam juntaa difficult. RBI introduces system of Repo rate. RBI introduces the system of Reverse Repo Rate RBI st art s paying interest rates to banks, on CRR deposits. Sub Prime Crisis in USA RBI st ops paying interest rates to banks on CRR deposits. 2010 Eurozone Crisis. For more on that topic, Click ME High inflation, RBI starts increasing Repo rate to fix it. 2011 Throughout the year, RBI keeps increasing Repo Rate to combat inflation. Repo rates gets as high as 8. 50%. August 2012 SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari demands removal of CRR. He has been doing it since a long time, even in 2011 seminars] So, This CRR removal news topic would have faded away just like it did in 2011, had the RBI deputy governor not replied on SBI chief’s statement. But RBI Deputy governor did, so the media blows the news out of proportion that â€Å"RBI snubs SBI chairman. † And thus the Innocent aspirants of UPSC, bank and MBA exams, are forced to learn one more topic i. e. CRR controversy. By the way, during this time, 1. 2. 3. 4. Bank Rate=9% Repo =8% (reverse repo would be obviously 8-1=7%) CRR=4. 75% SLR=23% Mock Questions Q1.Which of t he f ollowing st at ement s are incorrect ? 1. The NBFCs are required to maintain CRR deposits with RBI. 2. RBI pays interest rates on CRR deposits. 3. An Increase in CRR would decrease the liquidity from the market. 4. At present, Bank Rate > Repo Rate > Reverse Repo Rate. Q2. Which of t he f ollowing st at ement s are correct ? 1. Repo rate is the interest rate paid by RBI to banks on short term deposits. 2. A decrease in repo rate will increase the home loan interest rates. 3. HDFC is a Non-scheduled Commercial bank. 4. SLR is always 20% higher than CRR. Q3.What were the steps taken by RBI in its moneta ry policy during 2011 to control inflation in India. Do you think RBI achieved its objective? Give reasons to justify your stand. (Mains) Q4. If you were the RBI Governor, what steps would to take regarding the CRR issue? (interview) Ref: 1. Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh (Tata McGraw hill Publication) 2. http://moneylife. in/article/cash-reserve-ratio-a-non-performing-asset-forbanks/28066. html 3. http://www. indianexpress. com/news/cut-crr-to-fuel-positive-sentimentchaudhuri/980459/0 4. http://www. allbankingsolutions. com/DATA. htm August 30th, 2012 | Category: Economy

High Performers in Marketing and Advertising Majors Essay

High Performers in Marketing and Advertising Majors - Essay Example One of the more interesting findings of this study was the difference in perception of fellow classmates between high performing and low performing students. The article notes that â€Å"students with lower GPA (scores) reported higher satisfaction with fellow classmates than students with higher GAP (scores)† (Walsh & Woosley, 2013). In this case, it emerged that students with high performance in their GPA scores had varying perceptions compared to their low-performing peers. This raises a question as to whether this dissatisfaction among high-performing students has more to do with their view that low-performing students make them carry an extra burden in teamwork efforts, or that they simply do not appreciate their fellow classmates who have lower levels of performance (Walsh & Woosley, 2013). This might indicate that lecturers and other faculty members might have to pay more attention to how students are assigned to teams if they wish to retain high performing students.  Another interesting aspect of this study was that there was no significant difference between the perception of leadership/management skills and teamwork and effective communication between low and high-performing students, in terms of their overall perceptions of program quality. The authors indicate that this could be explained by the fact that â€Å"†¦students may be making similar progress and learning similar things† and that â€Å"high-performing students may underestimate their learning or that low-performing students may overestimate their learning†.

Construction Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Construction Management - Coursework Example Different sizes of projects require different services, and so before one makes a decision on the system to use to require the services, size is one of the basic things to consider. This report is about the construction project that we undertook. Being the four of us, each member was given a different role and each member had to closely work together with the other members of the group in order to succeed. Negotiation was very important in the whole process as every member of the group had to convince the other three members of the group to sign the given roles assigned to each member. Since this was a small project, we used the contract management procurement system to come up with the roles and services that each group member was supposed to perform (Rodgers, 2000, p. 87). This procurement system is very efficient in gaining greater visibility for the whole project. With the use of the procurement lifecycle, the system is able to appropriately assign different roles to different co ntractors without being unfair to one party. The procurement system A construction project requires different parties, each playing different roles in the project. In contract management procurement system, each member of the project is given a specific role to play. The members have to agree to the given task by having a head of terms which both parties have to sign. In our project, the main contractor assigns roles to the different stakeholders of the project. Each member has the power to accept the roles or refuse. The roles are then put down in a heads of terms in which each stakeholder has to sign to show compliance to the given tasks. Contract management has a strict measure of negotiation. This means that before the members agree to the given roles, they have to come together and negotiate the roles. This will ensure that both parties avoid exploitation from the other members (Walker, 2008, p. 45). Being the head of the procurement process, I had to set up a lot of terms for the whole project. It was agreed that 50% of the payments were to be given before the start of the project, and the other half to be given when the project was completed. Changes to the heads of terms had to be done through the person affected through a signed new heads of terms. This will ensure that the project management does not change the terms during the project. During the formation of the roles, each member of the project sat with the other party who was to perform the given roles; then, they started the negotiation process, and this is where each heads of terms were made. Each member gave the other member the task that they were to perform and instructed how the payments will be given out. In case of a disagreement, the project manager had to get in to consult the problem. The members then drafted the heads of terms which each one of them had to sign to show compliance to the given task (Green 2010, p. 89). After the signing process, it is assumed that each member is satisf ied with the given terms and that in case of any changes, then they had to communicate with the management, and the terms can be changed only with the agreement of the other member of the team. This type of contract management is very crucial in the definition and management of risk. Each member clearly understands the risks they are getting into and what is totally required from them. They do not therefore rise complains later. In our project, this stage was

Meeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Meeting - Essay Example way that would keep them from overtly expressing their biasness on matters and affecting the inter-personal relationships of the organizational staff. This can be achieved through the formulation of certain team building exercises that would encourage the workers from different departments to unite to achieve pre-defined tasks. The benefit of such exercises is that representatives from different functional departments get a chance to frequently socialize with one another. In order to build a team to work for the organization with utmost sincerity, it is imperative that individual staff members respect one another and one another’s rights. Else, it would just be a crowd whereby everybody would be working for personal interests. A team works solely for achieving the organizational objectives. â€Å"A major advantage a team has over an individual is its diversity of resources, knowledge, and ideas.† (Townsley, 2008). Managers are required to design adequate and effective t eam building exercises to ensure the development of a holistic force to work in the best interest of the organization. There are many factors that play their role in the development of an atmosphere of mutual consensus and respect among the organizational staff some of which are discussed in this paper. The most fundamental reason why organizations fail to develop teams is lack of the definition of organizational goals and the designation of strategies to achieve them. Most organizations work in a haphazard manner and place very less emphasis on getting the stakeholders familiarized with the basic goals and the resulting objectives of the organization. Before the start of any project, it is imperative that meetings are conducted to serve as a platform where all stakeholders can be made aware of the fundamental goals and objectives expected from the project at hand. The organizational culture is indeed, the most influential factor in the building up of a team to serve the organization. An